Progressive evolution of thrust fold topography in the frontal Himalaya

The bulk of the crustal shortening across Himalayas is accommodated Main Frontal Thrust (MFT), forming topographic ridges Siwalik Hills. Here, we quantify metrics to document geomorphic response progressive shortening. We use integral method channel profile analysis assess development thrust anticline in eastern and western Churia, Dundwa, Mohand Ranges. River steepness (ksn), distribution knickpoints, concavity (θ) Hills indicate evolution during ongoing deformation front. Mean indices increase with increasing over Quaternary amongst Churia (~3.8 km shortening), (~6.9 Dundwa Ranges (~9 shortening). Higher at tip Range (~0.4 shortening) than may that topography still responding initial stages relative uplift. Balanced cross sections reveal there spatial variability growth these ranges, as increases, drainage divide migrates southward (away from mountains) flat-ramp transition underlying thrust; this results steepening southward-draining catchments (basinward facing), elongation northward flowing catchments. Basinward facing channels also have more prominent knickpoints greater concavities caused by between their fluvial base level divide; contrasts mountain where net distance level. Despite asymmetry erosional processes, displacement ramp drives advection into foreland succession which eventually leads propagation new thrust-cored ridges.